The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
This lecture will provide a general introduction to the Tel Rehov excavations and will present some of the main results. The most significant points are the unusual foundation of a new large city in the Late Bronze Age, the continuity of Canaanite urban life with no significant break until the beginning of the Iron Age II, and the plethora of finds from the Iron Age IIA (10-9th centuries B.C.E). All these discoveries make this city one of the most important sites for studying society, economy, religious practices, and historical issues of the northern kingdom of Israel and the origin of the Nimshite Dynasty.
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
All archaeology enthusiasts are familiar with the excavation report as presented in a handsome volume sitting on a shelf in the library or in our homes. As someone who has participated in the process of bringing what the spade unearths in an excavation to the final product on your shelf, I will share with you some of the highlights – and frustrations – of this process and why it is, on the one hand, the bane of many archaeologists, yet on the other hand, perhaps the most-important part of any excavation.
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
A unique apiary was discovered at Tel Rehov during excavations from 2005 to 2007. About 30 hives made of unfired clay and straw were found in a destruction layer. Reconstruction indicates that there were 100-200 hives arranged in a well-organized system. This is the only apiary discovered so far in the ancient Near East and the Mediterranean world. Remains of charred honeycombs found in the hives contained charred bees, which were identified as most probably an Anatolian subspecies. These discovery raises many questions about subsistence and the economy that will be addressed in this lecture.
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Among the numerous and fascinating finds from the Tel Rehov excavations is a quarter in the northwestern part of the tell, overlooking the Beth-Shean Valley. The quarter is composed of a series of inter-related buildings, each one with a unique plan. All of the buildings contain a plethora of objects left untouched since the violent destruction; some of them unique, some with evidence of intense weaving and grinding as well as feasting and ritual activities. Among the highlights are inscriptions bearing the names “Nimshi” and “Elisha,” both figures mentioned in the Bible, who played pivotal roles in events that took place in this part of the Israelite kingdom.
The University of Athens
After the end of the Mycenaean period, Greek pottery appears again in Eastern Mediterranean in the early first millennium BCE, mainly at coastal sites. The astonishing recovery from well-dated contexts at Tel Rehov in the Beth Shean Valley of 14 Greek sherds in Late Protogeometric and Middle Geometric style (late 10th to middle 8th century BCE) forms the largest assemblage of this kind of pottery from an inland site. This dating suggests a connection with newly identified trading routes with the Arabah Valley in Jordan, a location from which copper was exported to Aegean communities, according to recent analytical data from bronze tripods from Olympia. Thus, the Tel Rehov sherds and the exported copper from Jordan could provide a new approach to Greek and Near Eastern relations at the beginning of the first millennium BCE.
Azusa University, California
Following the destruction of Stratum IV, a smaller city was rebuilt on the upper mound. Two strata can be attributed to Iron IIB. These consist of dwellings in Areas A, B, and J. The fortification system included a casemate wall in the earlier phase and a wide city wall in the latter phase. The slaughter of people in their homes in Area A bears witness to the severity of the Assyrian destruction. Squatter activity that followed included seven burials, some with Assyrian-type bottles, possibly indicating Assyrian presence. One burial was especially rich in finds and perhaps belonged to an elite.
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
The excavations at Tel Rehov yielded hundreds of metal objects and numerous metallurgical remains that attest to on-site metalworking. The study of such remains and their distribution sheds light on metalworking practices at the site, indicating a considerable change between the Late Bronze and Iron Ages, which are defined by the choice of raw materials, their origin, and metalworking traditions. Particularly significant is the evidence for an Egyptian metalworking tradition during the Late Bronze Age, and the introduction of iron into common use during the Iron IIA (10th and 9th centuries BCE).
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